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How many revolutions?

I believe there have been three phases of revolution in the united States, and am offering up this thesis for your consideration. I submit that our American revolution has had three distinct parts to date, linked in cause and effect, separated only by time.

The first, and commonly accepted, was, of course, the separation of the thirteen original colonies from Great Britain. This portion was driven primarily by economic considerations, and was promoted as a cry for liberty and independence from the oppressions of the monarchy.

The second, I submit, began almost fifty years later, coincident with the deaths of Adams and Jefferson, and culminated in the War for Southern Independence and the hideous retribution immediately thereafter. (This was not a “civil war”, by definition.) The net result of this phase was the solidification of the federal ‘authority’ that had been lurking in the wings since Hamilton, et al, advanced it originally. This phase was marked by the beginning of the decline of the several states as power centers.

The third phase, introduced after a period of gradual preparation, is now called the “Progressive Era”, but was in reality, a thinly disguised genesis for the era of American empire. I believe this phase is now nearly complete; the most obvious result is the complete subordination of the American people to the rule by the federal state.

I leave it to you to speculate with me as to the possibility of a fourth phase, and to its characteristics. Is there more to come, or are we about to ‘re-boot’, and begin the cycle anew?

“Symbolic Racism” — Through a Glass, Darkly

An admittedly subjective review of “Racism, Gun Ownership and Gun Control: Biased Attitudes in US Whites May Influence Policy Decisions”

I freely admit to my weakness in (and impatience with) following ‘academic-speak’, and thus, by extension, admit to my lack of comprehension of some of the key arguments advanced in this paper. While PLOS ONE advertises it as “peer-reviewed”, I have found no such reviews to this point. The article is well-referenced, but most of the referenced articles I sought were not available fee-free. As a result, I can not/will not pursue any further research on the matter.

The Conclusion states: “Symbolic racism was related to having a gun in the home and opposition to gun control policies in US whites. The findings help explain US whites’ paradoxical attitudes towards gun ownership and gun control. Such attitudes may adversely influence US gun control policy debates and decisions.”

Note the phrase “symbolic racism”. Said attitude is described as being “related to having a gun in the home and opposition to gun control policies in US whites.” Note that the study says “related to”, without any indication of causation. Such subliminal qualifications abound throughout the paper.

“Racism is related to policies preferences and behaviors that adversely affect blacks and appear related to a fear of blacks (e.g., increased policing, death penalty). ~ Objective

“Most prominently, symbolic racism (racial resentment), an explicit but subtle form and measure of racism, has been found to be consistently related to peoples decisions regarding policies that may affect non-white US citizens.” ~ Introduction

“There remains considerable resistance in the US to even cursory gun controls, and the reasons for owning a gun and opposing gun reform (i.e., self-protection, safety, fear of crime)…are not supported by the evidence on gun-related harms.”

I see two problems with this article. First, there is strong evidence of the paper’s arguments falling into the logical fallacy of “correlation without causation”. I leave this to the reader to decide.

Secondly, it is well-established that the roots of gun control in America are, themselves, racist. This also is well-documented, and once again I leave it up to the reader to verify that to his own satisfaction.

Sources: [Referenced article from PLOS ONE has since been removed, and the below link is no longer valid — admin]

http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0077552